Table of Contents
Vocabulary
The differences between science and technology
Science:
Focuses on general knowledge, it is the process of producing knowledge via observations and investigating natural phenomena. Examples: math, physics chemistry, astronomy ……
Technology
Applied science is the ability to change the world with materials, it is practical. Examples: robotics, biotechnology, communication, engineering ……
Functions: Expressing Certainty and Uncertainty
Certainty is the state of being sure about something. It’s when you have no doubt about it.
Uncertainty is the antonym of certainty. It is when you are unsure or doubtful about something.
How to Express Certainty
- To be certain about…………
- To be sure about………….
- To strongly believe that………..
- It goes without saying.
- to be convinced of……………
- To have no doubt about it.
- To have no doubt about………
- Without a doubt, ………………….
- It’s obvious that………….
- The modal verb ‘Must’ also expresses Certainty.
How to Express Uncertainty
- To be not certain about………
- To be not sure about…….
- To strongly not believe that………
- To have doubt about…………
- To doubt that………
- To be in two minds about ………….
- The modal verb ‘May and might’ also express Uncertainty.
- To feel uncertain about………
- Perhaps.
Examples of how to express Certainty and Uncertainty
Speaker 1: Sohayb is a hardworking student.
Speaker 2: Yes, I am sure/certain that he will have a good grade. (certainty)
Speaker 1:I strongly believe that our local football team will win the match (certainty)
Speaker 2: With their actual level, I doubt it / I feel uncertain about it. (uncertainty)
Speaker 1: Do you think that Hillary Clinton will be the president of the USA
Speaker 2: I am in two minds about that. (uncertainty)
Speaker 1: Well, it goes without saying that she will win the elections. (certainty)
Grammar: Conditional 3 / Wishes
I. Conditional type 3
[If + Subject + Verb (past perfect) + complement]
[subject + would + verb (present perfect) + complement]
- If she had taken her umbrella, she wouldn’t have gotten wet
- Tom would have had better marks if he had revised his lesson.
Example
Source sentence: I didn’t play sports, I was fat.
Target sentence: If I had played sports, I wouldn’t have been fat.
The use of conditional type 3
when we use conditional type 3 we are referring to an impossible situation in the past. We wish for the opposite of that situation.
last month Ann was sick. Her friend Joan didn’t know this, and she didn’t go to see her. They met again after Ann got better.
Joan said :
If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you.
this means, that in reality, Joan didn’t know Ann was sick which is why she said: “if I had known….”
and she didn’t go to see her.
II. Wishes:
Steps to follow :
- We look at the verb in the source sentence, if it is in the simple present then we change it to the simple past and if it is in the past we change it to the past perfect
Present wish:
It is a situation in the present that we don’t like or we like to have it the other way.
Tom lives far from school so he usually arrives late.
Tom: I wish I didn’t live far from the school. If only I didn’t live far from the school.
Source sentence: I don’t play sports, I am fat.
Target sentence: If only I played sports / I wish I played sports
Past wish:
It is a situation in the present that we don’t like or we like to have it the other way.
Tom had an accident because he drove very fast. If only he hadn’t driven very fast
or Tom wishes he hadn’t driven very fast.
TIP: Look at the verb, if it is affirmative then change it to negative and if it is negative change it to affirmative.
Source sentence: I didn’t play sports, I was fat.
Target sentence: If only I had played sports. / I wish I had played sports
Writing: Advantages and Disadvantages Essay
An advantages and disadvantages essay is a type of argumentative essay that presents both the benefits and drawbacks of a particular subject or issue. The essay should present a balanced view and include both sides of the argument, although the writer may choose to present one side more prominently.
It has the same structure as the Cause/Effect essay. Just change the word causes to advantages and the word effects to disadvantages.
I. Introduction
Explanation of the issue
II. Body
- Paragraph one: Advantages
- 1st advantage.
- 2nd advantage.
- 3rd advantage.
- Paragraph two: disadvantages
- First disadvantage.
- Second disadvantage.
- Third disadvantage.
III. Conclusion
State a summary of your point of view.
—————————–
I. Introduction
…………………………. is a great invention that has numerous advantages. yet there are many disadvantages too. So what are the positive and negative sides of ……………….
II. Body
There is no doubt that …… (the subject you are discussing) ……………. has many advantages….. To begin with, ……………(1st advantage)…………………. Next, …………….(2nd advantage )…………………….. In addition to this, …………………(3rd advantage)………...On the other hand, it has disadvantages too.………..(1st disadvantage)…………………………. Secondly, ……………..(2nd disadvantage)………..Thirdly, ………….(3rd disadvantage)……………….
III. Conclusion
As mentioned before, ………………..(your subject matter)……….has many disadvantages on …………………………. Hence there are numbers of measures to be taken urgently. First………….second………………finally…………………….
An Example of Advantages and Disadvantages Essay (1)
Introduction
A smartphone is a great invention that has numerous advantages. yet there are many disadvantages too. So what are the positive and negative sides of this invention?
Body
There is no doubt that a smartphone has many advantages. To begin with, a smartphone allows people to stay connected with others at all times, through phone calls, text messages, and various social media apps. Next, It provides access to a vast amount of information and resources, through the internet and various apps. In addition to this, It offers a wide range of entertainment options, including games, music, and movies. On the other hand, it has disadvantages too. Some people may become addicted to their smartphones and spend too much time on them, leading to a lack of productivity and social isolation. Secondly, Prolonged use of smartphones can lead to a number of health problems, including eye strain, neck and back pain, and sleep disturbance. Thirdly, The production and disposal of smartphones can have a negative impact on the environment.
Conclusion
As mentioned before, a smartphone has many disadvantages for human beings and the environment. Hence we should use them wisely.
An Example of Advantages and Disadvantages Essay (2)
Introduction
Social media has become an integral part of modern society, with billions of people around the world using platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to connect with others and access information. While the use of social media has many benefits, it also has a number of drawbacks. In this essay, we will examine both the advantages and disadvantages of social media, and consider the ways in which it has impacted our lives. By exploring both sides of the issue, we can gain a better understanding of the role that social media plays in our society and how to use it responsibly.
Body
One of the main advantages of social media is the ability to connect with people from all over the world. This can be especially useful for maintaining relationships with friends and family who live far away, as well as for making new connections. In addition, social media platforms provide access to a vast amount of information and news from a variety of sources. This can be a great way to stay up to date on current events and learn about new topics.
However, there are also several disadvantages of social media. One concern is the potential for addiction, as some people may spend too much time on these platforms and neglect other areas of their lives. In addition, social media can be a breeding ground for cyberbullying, which can have serious consequences for victims. Finally, there are privacy concerns associated with social media, as these platforms may collect and share personal information. It is important to be mindful of these potential drawbacks and use social media responsibly.
Conclusion
Overall, the advantages and disadvantages of social media depend on how it is used. While it can be a useful tool for connecting with others and accessing information, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and use these platforms wisely.
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